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1 Zonca, Vittorio
[br]b. c. 1568 Italyd. 1603 Italy[br]Italian architect who wrote a book on machines.[br]All that is known of Zonca is included on the frontispiece of the book that is his only claim to fame. He is there described as architect to the "Magnificent Community of Padua". He compiled a book on machines entitled Novo teatro de machine ed edificii (New Display of Machines and Edifices), illustrated with numerous fine engravings. It was printed in Padua in 1607, four years after his death, by Francesco Bertelli, who said of the book that it "came into my hands", as though he knew nothing of the author.During the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, a number of illustrated books on technical subjects appeared, compiled by knowledgeable and educated authors. These books greatly helped the spread of information about the technical arts throughout Europe. There were several books on mechanical devices, notably those by Ramelli, Besson and Zonca. In some ways, Zonca's is the most interesting, for it seems closest to the mechanical practice of the time. Several of the machines he describes are referred to as being in use in Padua or Venice and he suggests ways of improving them. The range of machines is wider than in other similar works and includes pumps, cranes, powder mills, printing and bookbinding presses and textile machines. Perhaps the most interesting of these is the water-driven silk-threading machine, since some of its components resemble those in use in the twentieth century. Spinning mills were widely used in the silk industry in sixteenth-century Italy, and Zonca offers a full description of one. He also shows the first example of an oblique treadwheel, driven by oxen for the grinding of grain. Even so, despite all the practical detail, the book ends, like others of its kind, with fantasy, in a description of a perpetual-motion machine.[br]Further ReadingA.G.Keller, 1964, A Theatre of Machines, London: Chapman \& Hall (provides brief details and illustrations from the books by Ramelli, Besson and Zonca).LRD -
2 Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Clement, JosephDu ShiDu YuGongshu PanLi BingMa JunMurdock, WilliamSomerset, EdwardBiographical history of technology > Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering
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3 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing -
4 Qiao Weiyue (Chiao Wei-Yo)
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]fl. c. 980/987 China[br]Chinese canal engineer who constructed pound-lock gates on the Huai section of the Grand Canal.[br]Qiao held office as Assistant Transport Commissioner of Huainan c. 984. In the course of his duties he constructed true pound-lock gates on the Huai section of the Grand Canal as a means of preventing tax frauds on grain, which resulted from the frequent wrecking of grain-carrying boats on the canal's double slipways. The pound locks included suspended lock gates (portcullis gates), implying some mechanism for raising and lowering them. The locks were covered over by a shed-like roof and were large enough to accommodate several barges at a time. Qiao's pound locks were the first in any civilization: they probably resembled those illustrated in the work of the Italian writer Vittorio Zonca on machines of the seventeenth century.[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, vol. IV.3, pp. 350–2, 357, 660(i).LRDBiographical history of technology > Qiao Weiyue (Chiao Wei-Yo)
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